While KKR was among the most high-profile casualties of the 2018 crisis, it was far from the worst hit. Four of India’s largest non-bank financiers have defaulted on their debt, while Franklin Templeton shocked market participants in April by freezing withdrawals from six Indian debt funds and telling investors it would wind them down.
When viewed in the context of KKR’s global business -- the firm oversees $234 billion worldwide, including about $75 billion in credit investments -- the losses suffered by the India unit are modest. They’ve also had little discernible impact on KKR’s stock price, which gained 39 per cent last year and hit a record high this month.
Still, India credit was supposed to be a bright spot.
KKR was one of the first big international investors to enter the market in 2009, committing $100 million to launch the business. Like the rest of KKR’s India operations, the credit unit was overseen by Sanjay Nayar, a Citigroup Inc. veteran who had been handpicked by KKR co-founder Henry Kravis a year earlier.
Nayar saw big potential in structured corporate loans, which tend to offer higher interest rates than traditional bank loans but come with fewer creditor protections. He set up the unit as a non-bank finance company, rather than as an investment fund. Among other things, that enabled KKR to amplify its lending power by taking on leverage.
By 2013, KKR’s India credit team was riding high. The Teacher Retirement System of Texas, one of America’s largest institutional investors, had agreed to take a $100 million stake in the unit, while KKR had also raised about Rs 425 crore for a separate India-focused credit fund.
KKR began exploring the possibility of taking the India credit unit public in 2015, four people familiar with the discussions said. The feedback from IPO bankers was that KKR’s loan portfolio was still too small to attract strong investor demand, so Nayar and his team decided to ramp up lending.
As they doled out credit at a quickening pace, some underwriting decisions were questioned by members of KKR’s global credit group who had been co-investing with the India unit, two people familiar with the matter said.
One of the bets that raised red flags was Resonance Eduventures Ltd., a training school for India’s top engineering college. KKR’s credit funds typically demanded collateral from borrowers in the form of physical assets, but the loans to Resonance were backed only by founder R.K. Verma’s shares in the unlisted company. That left KKR lower in the creditor pecking order if Resonance had trouble repaying its debt. KKR’s bargaining power in the event of default was also limited because Verma was seen as integral to the company’s value. The loans went ahead despite the global team’s concerns.
Enthused by the India credit unit’s fast growth, Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, one of the emirate’s sovereign wealth funds, bought a stake in the firm for about $100 million in 2017. With local debt markets booming, the time for an IPO seemed ripe.
Everything changed in August 2018. A surprise default by Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Ltd., one of India’s largest non-bank financiers, exposed the shaky economic underpinnings of a credit expansion that had propelled the nation’s shadow banking assets to a record $393 billion. Many Indian
companies that had become reliant on short-term loans suddenly lost access to funding. KKR and peers that had extended credit to these borrowers were exposed.
Nayar initially saw the chaos as an opportunity, telling Bloomberg in an October 2018 interview that he was looking to buy portfolios from struggling shadow lenders. But by the end of that year, KKR’s global investment committee had taken a more active role in the business, rejecting Nayar’s requests to extend more credit and make acquisitions, two people familiar with the matter said.
Brian Dillard, a KKR managing director tasked in late 2018 with overseeing the firm’s credit operations across Asia, told colleagues he was worried the India unit would become a drag on the firm’s regional ambitions, two people said. Scott Nuttall, KKR’s co-chief operating officer, and Henry McVey, chief investment officer of KKR’s balance sheet, also expressed concerns about lax underwriting.
Investors in KKR’s separate India credit fund were becoming more circumspect too, in part because of the turbulence in Indian markets. In early 2019, after KKR’s initial fund had reached its maturity, they turned down the firm’s invitation to invest in a new one, two people familiar with the matter said.
Meanwhile, the credit unit’s loan book was deteriorating. Sintex-BAPL Ltd., an auto-parts manufacturer, stopped repayments in June 2019, a little more than a year after KKR made its original loan. Avantha Group was also falling behind on repayments, two people familiar with the matter said. Several other borrowers, including Resonance, were showing signs of stress.
KKR eventually wrote off the value of the Sintex and Resonance loans. The latter has been mentioned on internal KKR calls as a textbook case of how not to structure deals, two people familiar with the matter said. In late 2019, Indian regulators including the Ministry of Corporate Affairs said that an Avantha Group company -- CG Power & Industrial Solutions Ltd., whose shares KKR held as collateral -- had falsified accounts. CG Power said in October that the impact of the accounting irregularities could be assessed only after investigations by the company and regulators were complete. KKR has set aside provisions for the loan.
Sintex, Resonance and CG Power didn’t respond to requests for comment.
Things had also gone badly wrong at another big KKR investment -- Coffee Day. In July 2019, Siddhartha, the coffee chain’s founder, was found dead in a river in an apparent suicide. A letter purportedly written and signed by him and sent to Coffee Day’s senior management mentioned "tremendous pressure" from lenders and one of the company’s private-equity investors that he didn’t name. Coffee Day’s board, which included Nayar, ordered a probe into allegations that Siddhartha had embezzled money.
The following month, senior KKR managers in New York took an even more hands-on role at the India credit unit, according to two people familiar with the matter. The firm formed a task force to look into each of the unit’s 33 outstanding loans, concluding by October that as many as 18 of them risked slipping into default.
Around the same time
KKR India Financial Services had its long-term credit rating cut to AA, the third-highest investment grade, from AA+ by Crisil, the local unit of S&P Global Ratings. Borrowers of more than half of its Rs 5,900 crore in loans weren’t fully complying with the original terms of their debt agreements, Crisil said.
B V Krishnan, the CEO of KKR’s India credit unit, left the same month. He was replaced by Kapil Singhal, a Goldman Sachs Group Inc. veteran who had been hired by KKR shortly before Krishnan’s departure.
Working with Dillard, Singhal started looking for opportunities to sell KKR’s loans or the entire unit. Several of the country’s non-bank lenders balked at a deal on valuation concerns, three people familiar with the matter said.
With worries about another rating downgrade by Crisil mounting, KKR pledged to make a further $150 million available to the India credit unit in January 2020. It said in a statement at the time that the move would bolster the unit’s position in India’s credit markets, though the money has yet to be drawn down.
By July, Coffee Day’s probe into Siddhartha’s death had concluded. The entrepreneur had siphoned off $360 million so he could buy back shares held by private-equity investors, repay loans and keep up with interest payments on other borrowings, Coffee Day alleged, citing the findings of an investigation led by a retired senior official from India’s federal law enforcement agency. The investigation didn’t find any fault with lenders or private-equity investors. Police in Karnataka, the Indian state where Siddhartha died, said the cause was suicide but declined to comment further.
The following week, InCred Financial Services Ltd., a local consumer lender backed by former Deutsche Bank co-CEO Anshu Jain, said it had signed an agreement to merge with KKR’s credit unit in an all-stock deal, without specifying terms. KKR will get a roughly 20 per cent stake in the merged entity while the other two investors in the credit unit -- Texas Teacher and Abu Dhabi Investment Authority -- will also hold minority positions after the transaction is complete, according to three people familiar with the matter. The company will operate under the InCred name, the people said, adding that terms of the deal have yet to be finalized and could change.
"While we are unable to comment on any specific transaction, it is accurate that we have and will continue to explore new ways to invest in and expand the business," KKR said. Texas Teacher and ADIA declined to comment.
In the months since the merger agreement was announced, India has been pummeled by Covid-19 along with much of the rest of the world. Yet at the same time, local credit markets have proven remarkably resilient thanks to central bank stimulus. One gauge of Indian debt risk -- the spread on the highest-rated corporate bonds over government notes -- spiked to a six-year high in May but has since fallen close to the lowest level since at least 2002. International money managers including Apollo Global Management Inc. and Blackstone Group Inc. have been scaling up their India lending businesses.
KKR, meanwhile, has taken advantage of buoyant markets to reduce risk. The India credit unit’s net leverage ratio now stands at 0.9, down from 2.4 a year ago, one person familiar with the matter said. Last year the firm offered to repay about $90 million of its debt early, but most of its lenders chose to retain their exposure, the person said.
Nayar left his role as KKR’s India CEO in December, though he continues to "advise and assist" the firm as its India chairman. Singhal resigned around the same time, after just 10 months running the credit unit.
Under Dillard, KKR’s Asia credit team has lent more than $1 billion over the last 18 months and is preparing to raise its first dedicated credit fund for the region. The firm plans to keep looking for lending opportunities in India.
"KKR squandered the coveted first-mover advantage," said Arun Kejriwal, director at KRIS, an investment advisory firm in Mumbai. "We will see whether they have learned lessons."